มะแข่น (Ma Khaen)
Family: Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum rhetsa, known in Thai as มะแข่น (Ma Khaen) and in English as Indian Prickly Ash, is a small aromatic tree native to tropical Asia. It is recognized by its sharp spines, reddish stems, and compound leaves with a distinct citrus-like aroma. The dried fruits are used both as a spice and as traditional medicine for their warming and stimulating effects.
Botanical Characteristics
The tree typically grows between 6 and 15 meters tall. The trunk and branches bear small thorns, and the leaves are pinnate with glossy green, serrated leaflets. When crushed, the leaves and fruit release a sharp, lemony scent. Small greenish flowers develop into brownish seed capsules that contain aromatic black seeds.
Use in Thai Traditional Medicine
มะแข่น is regarded as a warming herb (ยาเผ็ดร้อน) that enhances circulation and digestion. The fruit and bark are used in remedies for stomach discomfort, colds, and sluggish metabolism. The essential oils provide antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties and are sometimes included in liniments for muscle pain.
Culinary Use
The dried fruit is a key spice in Northern Thai (Lanna) cuisine, where it adds a distinctive numbing heat to dishes such as nam prik kha and laap khua. Its flavor resembles Sichuan pepper but with a more citrusy profile.
Cultivation Notes
Zanthoxylum rhetsa thrives in well-drained tropical soil and full sun. It prefers slightly alkaline conditions and benefits from organic mulching. In the KBE Thai Medicinal Herb Garden, it is maintained both as a culinary and medicinal species, valued for its aromatic bark and fruit.
Historical Context
This plant has deep cultural roots in the mountain regions of northern Thailand and neighboring countries. It has long been traded as a spice and medicinal ingredient, symbolizing warmth and vitality. Its traditional use reflects the connection between food, health, and climate balance in northern herbal practice.
Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational and historical purposes only. It is not intended as medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before using any herbal preparation.
